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We design pairs of six-stage, third-order, alternating implicit Runge–Kutta (RK) schemes that can be used to integrate in time two stiff operators by an operator-splitting technique. We also design for each pair a companion explicit RK scheme to be used for a third, nonstiff oper- ator in an implicit-explicit (IMEX) fashion. The main application we have in mind is (non)linear parabolic problems, where the two stiff operators represent diffusion processes (for instance, in two spatial directions) and the nonstiff operator represents (non)linear transport. We identify necessary conditions for linear sectorial A( )-stability by considering a scalar ODE with two (complex) ei- genvalues lying in some fixed cone of the half-complex plane with nonpositive real part. We show numerically that it is possible to achieve A(0)-stability when combining two operators with negative eigenvalues, irrespective of their relative magnitude. Finally, we show by numerical examples includ- ing two-dimensional nonlinear transport problems discretized in space using finite elements that the proposed schemes behave well. 

The paper analyzes the discontinuous Galerkin approximation of Maxwell’s equations written in first-order form and with nonhomogeneous magnetic permeability and electric permittivity. Although the Sobolev smoothness index of the solution may be smaller than 1 2 , it is shown that the approximation converges strongly and is therefore spectrally correct. The convergence proof uses the notion of involution and is based on a deflated inf-sup condition and a duality argument. One essential idea is that the smoothness index of the dual solution is always larger than 1 2 irrespective of the regularity of the material properties. 

We propose an operator-splitting scheme to approximate scalar conservation equations with stiff source terms having multiple (at least two) stable equilibrium points. The scheme com- bines a (reaction-free) transport substep followed by a (transport-free) reaction substep. The transport substep is approximated using the forward Euler method with continuous finite elements and graph viscosity. The reaction substep is approximated using an exponential integrator. The crucial idea of the paper is to use a mesh-dependent cutoff of the reaction time-scale in the reaction substep. We establish a bound on the entropy residual motivating the design of the scheme. We show that the proposed scheme is invariant-domain preserv- ing under the same CFL restriction on the time step as in the nonreactive case. Numerical experiments in one and two space dimensions using linear, convex, and nonconvex fluxes with smooth and nonsmooth initial data in various regimes show that the proposed scheme is asymptotic preserving. 

The discontinuous Galerkin approximation of the grad-div and curl-curl problems formulated in conservative first-order form is investigated. It is shown that the approximation is spectrally correct, thereby confirming numerical observations made by various authors in the literature. This result hinges on the existence of discrete involutions which are formulated as discrete orthogonality properties. The involutions are crucial to establish discrete versions of weak Poincar´e–Steklov inequalities that hold true at the continuous level. 

We consider high-order discretizations of a Cauchy problem where the evolution operator comprises a hyperbolic part and a parabolic part with diffusion and stiff relaxation terms. We propose a technique that makes every implicit-explicit (IMEX) time stepping scheme invariant-domain preserving and mass conservative. Following the ideas introduced in Part I on explicit Runge--Kutta schemes, the IMEX scheme is written in incremental form. At each stage, we first combine a low-order and a high-order hyperbolic update using a limiting operator, then we combine a low-order and a high-order parabolic update using another limiting operator. The proposed technique, which is agnostic to the space discretization, allows one to optimize the time step restrictions induced by the hyperbolic substep. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we derive four novel IMEX methods with optimal efficiency. All the implicit schemes are singly diagonal. One of them is A-stable and the other three are L-stable. The novel IMEX schemes are evaluated numerically on systems of stiff ordinary differential equations and nonlinear conservation equations. 

We consider the unbounded settling dynamics of a circular disk of diameter $$d$$ and finite thickness $$h$$ evolving with a vertical speed $$U$$ in a linearly stratified fluid of kinematic viscosity $$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$$ and diffusivity $$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$$ of the stratifying agent, at moderate Reynolds numbers ( $$Re=Ud/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$$ ). The influence of the disk geometry (diameter $$d$$ and aspect ratio $$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}=d/h$$ ) and of the stratified environment (buoyancy frequency $$N$$ , viscosity and diffusivity) are experimentally and numerically investigated. Three regimes for the settling dynamics have been identified for a disk reaching its gravitational equilibrium level. The disk first falls broadside-on, experiencing an enhanced drag force that can be linked to the stratification. A second regime corresponds to a change of stability for the disk orientation, from broadside-on to edgewise settling. This occurs when the non-dimensional velocity $$U/\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}N}$$ becomes smaller than some threshold value. Uncertainties in identifying the threshold value is discussed in terms of disk quality. It differs from the same problem in a homogeneous fluid which is associated with a fixed orientation (at its initial value) in the Stokes regime and a broadside-on settling orientation at low, but finite Reynolds numbers. Finally, the third regime corresponds to the disk returning to its broadside orientation after stopping at its neutrally buoyant level. 

Oxygen bioavailability is declining in aquatic systems worldwide as a result of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. For aquatic organisms, the consequences are poorly known but are likely to reflect both direct effects of declining oxygen bioavailability and interactions between oxygen and other stressors, including two—warming and acidification— that have received substantial attention in recent decades and that typically accompany oxygen changes. Drawing on the collected papers in this symposium volume (“An Oxygen Perspective on Climate Change”), we outline the causes and consequences of declining oxygen bioavailability. First, we discuss the scope of natural and predicted anthropogenic changes in aquatic oxygen levels. Although modern organisms are the result of long evolutionary histories during which they were exposed to natural oxygen regimes, anthropogenic change is now exposing them to more extreme conditions and novel combinations of low oxygen with other stressors. Second, we identify behavioral and physiological mechanisms that underlie the interactive effects of oxygen with other stressors, and we assess the range of potential organismal responses to oxygen limitation that occur across levels of biological organization and over multiple timescales. We argue that metabolism and energetics provide a powerful and unifying framework for understanding organism-oxygen interactions. Third,we conclude by outlining a set of approaches for maximizing the effectiveness of future work, including focusing on long-term experiments using biologically realistic variation in experimental factors and taking truly cross disciplinary and integrative approaches to understanding and predicting future effects.